Kukonza mphira mafunso 38, kugwirizanitsa ndi kukonza

Mpira processing Q&A

1. Chifukwa chiyani mphira uyenera kupangidwa

Cholinga cha mphira wapulasitiki ndikufupikitsa maunyolo akuluakulu a mphira pansi pa makina, matenthedwe, mankhwala ndi zochita zina, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mphirayo uwonongeke kwakanthawi ndikuwonjezera mapulasitiki ake, kuti akwaniritse zofunikira pakupanga. Mwachitsanzo, kupanga wothandizila compounding zosavuta kusakaniza, kutsogolera anagubuduza ndi extrusion, ndi bwino kuumbidwa mapatani ndi akalumikidzidwa khola, kuonjezera flowability wa kuumbidwa ndi jekeseni kuumbidwa zipangizo mphira, kuti zikhale zosavuta kuti zinthu mphira kudutsa ulusi, ndi kuwongolera solubility. ndi kumamatira kwa zinthu za rabara. Zowona, zina zotsika kukhuthala komanso kukhuthala kosalekeza mphira sizingakhale zapulasitiki. Domestic standard particle rabala, standard Malaysian rabara (SMR).

1. Ndi zinthu ziti zomwe zimakhudza pulasitiki ya mphira mu chosakanizira chamkati

Kusakaniza kwa mphira yaiwisi mu chosakaniza chamkati ndi kusakaniza kwa kutentha kwakukulu, ndi kutentha kochepa kwa 120.℃kapena pamwamba, nthawi zambiri pakati pa 155℃ndi 165℃. Labala yaiwisi imakhala ndi kutentha kwambiri komanso mphamvu zamakina m'chipinda cha chosakanizira, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti makutidwe ndi okosijeni azitha komanso kupeza pulasitiki yabwino mu nthawi yochepa. Chifukwa chake, zinthu zazikulu zomwe zimakhudza kusakanikirana kwa mphira yaiwisi ndi pulasitiki mu chosakanizira chamkati ndi:

(1)Zida luso ntchito, monga liwiro, etc,

(2)Zomwe zimachitika, monga nthawi, kutentha, kuthamanga kwa mphepo, ndi mphamvu.

1. Chifukwa chiyani ma rubber osiyanasiyana amakhala ndi mapulasitiki osiyanasiyana

Pulasitiki wa rabara ndi wogwirizana kwambiri ndi kapangidwe kake ka mankhwala, kapangidwe kake ka maselo, kulemera kwa mamolekyu, ndi kugawa kwake. Chifukwa cha kapangidwe kawo kosiyanasiyana, mphira wachilengedwe ndi mphira wopangidwa nthawi zambiri ndi wosavuta kupulasitiki kuposa mphira wopangidwa. Pankhani ya mphira wopangira, mphira wa isoprene ndi mphira wa chloroprene ali pafupi ndi mphira wachilengedwe, wotsatiridwa ndi mphira wa styrene butadiene ndi mphira wa butyl, pomwe mphira wa nitrile ndi wovuta kwambiri.

1. Chifukwa chiyani pulasitiki ya rabara yaiwisi imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mulingo wapamwamba kwambiri wamapulasitiki

Pulasitiki ya mphira yaiwisi yaiwisi imagwirizana ndi zovuta za njira yonse yopangira mankhwala, ndipo imakhudza mwachindunji zinthu zofunika za thupi ndi makina a mphira wopangidwa ndi vulcanized ndi kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa mankhwala. Ngati pulasitiki ya mphira yaiwisi ndi yokwera kwambiri, imachepetsa mphamvu zakuthupi ndi zamakina za rabala wovunda. Ngati pulasitiki ya mphira yaiwisi ndi yotsika kwambiri, imayambitsa zovuta munjira yotsatira, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kusakaniza zinthu za rabara mofanana. Pakugubuduza, pamwamba pa theka-yomaliza mankhwala si yosalala ndi shrinkage mlingo ndi lalikulu, kupanga zovuta kumvetsa kukula kwa theka-amamaliza mankhwala. Pakugubuduza, zinthu za mphira zimakhalanso zovuta kuzipaka mu nsalu, zomwe zimayambitsa zochitika monga kupukuta kwa nsalu yotchinga ya rabara yopachikidwa, kuchepetsa kwambiri kumamatira pakati pa zigawo za nsalu. Mapulasitiki osagwirizana angayambitse kusagwirizana kwa ndondomeko ndi thupi lamagetsi la zinthu za rabara, komanso zimakhudzanso kusagwirizana kwa mankhwala. Chifukwa chake, kudziwa bwino pulasitiki ya rabara yaiwisi molondola ndi nkhani yomwe singanyalanyazidwe.

5. Cholinga cha kusakaniza ndi chiyani

Kusakaniza ndi njira yosakaniza mphira yaiwisi ndi zowonjezera zosiyanasiyana palimodzi kudzera mu zida za rabara molingana ndi gawo lazowonjezera zomwe zafotokozedwa mu fomula ya zinthu za rabara, ndikuwonetsetsa kuti zowonjezera zonse zimamwazikana mu rabara yaiwisi. Cholinga cha kusakaniza zipangizo za mphira ndikupeza zizindikiro zofananira komanso zosasinthasintha za thupi ndi zamakina zomwe zimagwirizana ndi ndondomeko yomwe yaperekedwa, kuti athe kuyendetsa ntchito ndikuwonetsetsa kuti zinthu zomwe zamalizidwa zimafunika.

6. Chifukwa chiyani zosakaniza zimaphatikizana

Zifukwa za kuphatikizika kwa mphira wophatikizira ndi: kusakwanira kwa pulasitiki kusakaniza kwa mphira yaiwisi yaiwisi, kutalikirana kwakukulu kwa mpukutu, kutentha kwambiri kwa mpukutu, kunyamula zomatira, tinthu tating'onoting'ono tating'onoting'ono kapena zinthu zomwe zili mu ufa wopangira mphira, gel, etc. njira kusintha ndi kutengera miyeso yeniyeni malinga ndi mmene zinthu zilili: plasticizing mokwanira, moyenerera kusintha wodzigudubuza katayanitsidwe, kuchepetsa kutentha wodzigudubuza, ndi kulabadira njira kudyetsa; Kuyanika ndi kuyesa ufa; Kudula kuyenera kukhala koyenera panthawi yosakaniza.

1. Chifukwa chiyani kuchuluka kwa kaboni wakuda mu rabara kumapangitsa "kuchepetsa"

Zomwe zimatchedwa "dilution effect" ndi chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa carbon wakuda mu mapangidwe a rabala, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti chiwerengero cha mphira chichepe, zomwe zimapangitsa kukhudzana kwambiri pakati pa carbon black particles ndikulephera kumwazikana bwino mu rabala. zakuthupi. Izi zimatchedwa "dilution effect". Chifukwa cha kukhalapo kwa magulu akuluakulu a carbon black particle masango, mamolekyu a mphira sangathe kulowa mumagulu a tinthu ta carbon black, ndipo kugwirizana pakati pa mphira ndi mpweya wakuda kumachepetsedwa, zomwe zimapangitsa kuchepa kwa mphamvu ndi kuyembekezera kulimbikitsanso sikungatheke.

8. Kodi ndi zotsatira zotani za kapangidwe ka kaboni wakuda pazinthu za mphira

Mpweya wakuda wa carbon umapangidwa ndi kuwonongeka kwa matenthedwe a mankhwala a hydrocarbon. Pamene zopangira ndi gasi wachilengedwe (omwe amapangidwa makamaka ndi ma hydrocarbons amafuta), mphete ya kaboni yokhala ndi mamembala asanu ndi limodzi imapangidwa; Pamene zopangira ndi mafuta olemera (ndi mkulu zili onunkhira hydrocarbons), asanu membala mphete munali mpweya ndi zina dehydrogenated ndi condensed kupanga polycyclic onunkhira pawiri, potero kupanga hexagonal maukonde dongosolo wosanjikiza wa maatomu mpweya. Chosanjikiza ichi chimadutsa nthawi 3-5 ndipo chimakhala kristalo. Tinthu tating'onoting'ono ta kaboni wakuda ndi makhiristo amorphous opangidwa ndi ma seti angapo a makhiristo opanda mawonekedwe enieni. Pali maunyolo opanda unsaturated ozungulira kristalo, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti tinthu tating'ono ta kaboni tigwirizane, ndikupanga maunyolo ang'onoang'ono amitundu yosiyanasiyana, omwe amatchedwa kapangidwe ka kaboni wakuda.

Mapangidwe a kaboni wakuda amasiyana ndi njira zosiyanasiyana zopangira. Nthawi zambiri, kapangidwe ka ng'anjo ya ng'anjo ya kaboni wakuda ndi yayikulu kuposa ya tank process carbon black, ndipo kapangidwe ka acetylene carbon wakuda ndiye wapamwamba kwambiri. Kuphatikiza apo, kapangidwe ka kaboni wakuda kumakhudzidwanso ndi zopangira. Ngati mafuta onunkhira a hydrocarbon azinthu zopangira ndi apamwamba, kapangidwe ka kaboni wakuda ndi wapamwamba, ndipo zokolola zimakhalanso zapamwamba; M'malo mwake, mapangidwewo ndi otsika ndipo zokolola zimakhalanso zochepa. Zing'onozing'ono zamtundu wa carbon black particles, ndizomwe zimapangidwira. M'kati mwa tinthu tating'onoting'ono tating'onoting'ono tating'onoting'ono, kapangidwe kake kapamwamba, ndikosavuta kutulutsa, ndipo pamwamba pa chinthucho chimakhala chosalala ndi kuchepa pang'ono. Kapangidwe ka kaboni wakuda kungayesedwe ndi mtengo wake wamayamwidwe amafuta. Pamene tinthu tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'onoting'ono tating'onoting'ono tating'onoting'ono tating'onoting'ono ta mafuta timasonyeza mawonekedwe apamwamba, pamene zosiyana zimasonyeza dongosolo lochepa. Mpweya wakuda wokhala ndi mawonekedwe apamwamba ndizovuta kubalalika mu rabara yopangira, koma mphira wofewa wopangidwa umafunika modulus wakuda wakuda kuti ukhale wolimba. Fine tinthu tating'ono mlengalenga wakuda wakuda amatha kusintha kukana kwa mphira. Ubwino wa mawonekedwe otsika kaboni wakuda ndi kulimba kwamphamvu kwambiri, kutalika kwambiri, kulimba kwapang'onopang'ono, kulimba pang'ono, zinthu zofewa za mphira, komanso kutentha pang'ono. Komabe, kukana kwake kuvala ndikoyipa kwambiri kuposa kapangidwe kapamwamba ka kaboni wakuda wokhala ndi tinthu tating'ono.

1. Chifukwa chiyani mpweya wakuda umakhudza kutentha kwa zida za rabara

Mphamvu ya kapangidwe ka kaboni wakuda pa nthawi yoyaka ya zida za mphira: mawonekedwe apamwamba komanso nthawi yayitali yotentha; Zing'onozing'ono kukula kwa tinthu ta carbon wakuda, ndi lalifupi nthawi kuphika. Zotsatira za pamwamba pa zinthu za carbon black particles pa coking: makamaka zimatanthawuza za okosijeni wakuda pamwamba pa mpweya wakuda, womwe uli ndi mpweya wambiri, pH mtengo wotsika, ndi acidic, monga slot wakuda, womwe uli ndi coking yaitali. nthawi. Zotsatira za kuchuluka kwa mpweya wakuda pa nthawi yotentha: kuchuluka kwakukulu kumatha kufupikitsa nthawi yotentha chifukwa kuwonjezeka kwa mpweya wakuda kumapanga mphira womangidwa, womwe uli ndi chizolowezi cholimbikitsa kutentha. Zotsatira za kaboni wakuda pa nthawi yotentha ya Mooney ya zida za mphira zimasiyana m'machitidwe osiyanasiyana a vulcanization.

10. Kodi kusanganikirana kwa siteji yoyamba ndi chiyani komanso kusanganikirana kwa siteji yachiwiri?

Kusanganikirana kwa siteji imodzi ndi njira yowonjezerera pulasitiki ndi zowonjezera zosiyanasiyana (zowonjezera zina zomwe sizimamwazikana kapena kugwiritsidwa ntchito pang'ono, zitha kupangidwanso kukhala masterbatch) chimodzi ndi chimodzi molingana ndi zofunikira. Ndiko kuti, masterbatch imasakanizidwa mu chosakanizira chamkati, ndiyeno sulfure kapena ma vulcanizing agents, komanso ma accelerator ena apamwamba omwe sali oyenera kuwonjezeredwa mu chosakaniza chamkati, amawonjezedwa papiritsi. Mwachidule, ndondomeko yosakaniza imatsirizidwa mumodzi popanda kuima pakati.

Kusanganikirana kwa siteji yachiwiri kumatanthauza njira yosakanikirana yosakaniza zowonjezera zosiyanasiyana, kupatula ma vulcanizing agents ndi super accelerators, ndi mphira yaiwisi kuti apange mphira woyambira. The m'munsi ndi utakhazikika ndi kuyimitsidwa kwa nthawi inayake, ndiyeno processing owonjezera ikuchitika pa chosakanizira mkati kapena lotseguka mphero kuwonjezera wothandizila vulcanizing.

11. N’chifukwa chiyani mafilimu amafunika kuziziritsidwa asanayambe kusungidwa

Kutentha kwa filimuyo kudulidwa ndi makina osindikizira mapiritsi ndikokwera kwambiri. Ngati sichinazimiririke nthawi yomweyo, n'zosavuta kupanga vulcanization yoyambirira ndi zomatira, zomwe zimayambitsa vuto lotsatira. Fakitale yathu imatsika kuchokera ku makina osindikizira a piritsi, ndipo kudzera mu chipangizo choziziritsira filimu, imamizidwa muzodzipatula, kuumitsa, ndi kudula kuti izi zitheke. Kuzizira kofunikira ndikuzizira kutentha kwa filimuyo mpaka pansi pa 45℃, ndipo nthawi yosungiramo zomatira sayenera kukhala yaitali kwambiri, mwinamwake zingayambitse zomatira kupopera chisanu.

1. Chifukwa chiyani kuwongolera kutentha kwa sulfure kuwonjezera pansi pa 100℃

Izi ndichifukwa choti sulfure ndi accelerator zimawonjezedwa kuzinthu zosakanikirana za mphira, ngati kutentha kumapitilira 100.℃, n'zosavuta kuyambitsa vulcanization oyambirira (ie kutentha) kwa zinthu za rabara. Kuonjezera apo, sulfure amasungunuka mu mphira pa kutentha kwakukulu, ndipo pambuyo pozizira, sulfure imasungunuka pamwamba pa mphira, kuchititsa chisanu ndi kubalalitsidwa kosiyana kwa sulfure.

1. Chifukwa chiyani mafilimu osakanikirana amafunika kuyimitsidwa kwa nthawi inayake asanagwiritsidwe ntchito

Cholinga chosungira mafilimu osakanikirana a rabara mutatha kuzizira ndi ziwiri: (1) kubwezeretsa kutopa kwa zinthu za rabara ndikumasula kupsinjika kwamakina komwe kumachitika pakusakaniza; (2) Kuchepetsa kuchepa kwa zinthu zomatira; (3) Pitirizani kufalitsa wothandizira wothandizira panthawi yoyimitsa magalimoto, kulimbikitsa kubalalitsidwa kwa yunifolomu; (4) Pangani mphira wolumikizana pakati pa mphira ndi kaboni wakuda kuti mulimbikitse kulimbikitsa.

14. Chifukwa chiyani kuli kofunikira kutsatira mosamalitsa dosing ya magawo ndi nthawi ya pressurization

Mayendedwe a dosing ndi nthawi ya pressurization ndizofunikira zomwe zimakhudza khalidwe losakanikirana. Segmented dosing imatha kusintha kusakaniza bwino ndikuwonjezera kufanana, ndipo pali malamulo apadera a kachitidwe ka mankhwala enaake, monga: zofewa zamadzimadzi siziyenera kuwonjezeredwa nthawi yomweyo ngati mpweya wakuda kuti mupewe kuphatikizika. Choncho, m`pofunika mosamalitsa kukhazikitsa segmented dosing. Ngati nthawi yopanikizika ndi yochepa kwambiri, mphira ndi mankhwala sangathe kupukuta ndi kukanda, zomwe zimapangitsa kusakanikirana kosiyana; Ngati nthawi ya pressurization ndi yaitali kwambiri ndipo kutentha kwa chipinda chosakanikirana ndipamwamba kwambiri, kumakhudza khalidwe komanso kuchepetsa mphamvu. Choncho, nthawi ya pressurization iyenera kutsatiridwa mosamalitsa.

15. Kodi zotsatira za kudzaza mphamvu ndi chiyani pa khalidwe la mphira wosakanikirana ndi pulasitiki

Kuchuluka kwa kudzaza kumatanthawuza mphamvu yeniyeni yosakanikirana ya chosakaniza chamkati, chomwe nthawi zambiri chimangokhala 50-60% ya chiwerengero cha chipinda chosakanikirana cha chosakaniza chamkati. Ngati mphamvuyo ndi yaikulu kwambiri, palibe kusiyana kokwanira pakusakaniza, ndipo kusakaniza kokwanira sikungatheke, zomwe zimapangitsa kusakanikirana kosiyana; Kuwonjezeka kwa kutentha kungayambitse kudzikonda vulcanization ya zinthu mphira; Zingayambitsenso kuchuluka kwa mota. Ngati mphamvuyo ndi yaying'ono kwambiri, palibe kukaniza kokwanira pakati pa ma rotor, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale kusakanikirana komanso kusakanikirana kosagwirizana, komwe kumakhudza ubwino wa mphira wosakanikirana komanso kumachepetsanso kugwiritsa ntchito zipangizo.

1. Chifukwa chiyani zofewa zamadzimadzi zimafunikira kuwonjezeredwa komaliza mukasakaniza zida za rabara

Mukasakaniza zida za mphira, ngati zofewetsa zamadzimadzi ziwonjezedwa koyamba, zingayambitse kukula kwakukulu kwa mphira yaiwisi ndikusokoneza kukangana kwamakina pakati pa mamolekyu a mphira ndi zodzaza, kuchepetsa kuthamanga kwa zida za mphira, komanso kumayambitsa kubalalitsidwa kosafanana komanso kuphatikizika. cha ufa. Choncho panthawi yosakaniza, zofewa zamadzimadzi nthawi zambiri zimawonjezeredwa komaliza.

17. N’chifukwa chiyani mphira wosakanizika “amadzichitira sulufule” atasiyidwa kwa nthawi yaitali

Zifukwa zazikulu zomwe zimachitika "self sulfure" pakuyika zida zosakanikirana za rabara ndi izi: (1) ma vulcanizing agents ndi ma accelerator amagwiritsidwa ntchito; (2) Kuthamanga kwakukulu kwa mphira, kutentha kwakukulu kwa makina oyenga mphira, kuzizira kwa filimu kosakwanira; (3) Kapena kuwonjezera sulfure molawirira kwambiri, kubalalitsidwa kosafanana kwa mankhwala kumayambitsa kuchuluka kwa ma accelerator ndi sulfure; (4) Kuyimitsa magalimoto molakwika, monga kutentha kwambiri komanso kusayenda bwino kwa mpweya pamalo oimikapo magalimoto.

18. Nchifukwa chiyani zinthu zosakaniza za rabara mu chosakaniza ziyenera kukhala ndi mphamvu inayake ya mpweya

Pakusakaniza, kuwonjezera pa kukhalapo kwa mphira yaiwisi ndi mankhwala mu chipinda chosakaniza cha chosakaniza chamkati, palinso mipata yambiri. Ngati kupanikizika sikuli kokwanira, mphira yaiwisi ndi mankhwala opangira mankhwala sangathe kupaka ndi kukanda mokwanira, zomwe zimapangitsa kusakanikirana kosiyana; Pambuyo powonjezera kupanikizika, zinthu za rabara zidzagwedezeka mwamphamvu ndikugwedezeka, pansi, kumanzere, ndi kumanja, kupanga mphira yaiwisi ndi wothandizira mofulumira komanso wosakanikirana. Mwachidziwitso, kupanikizika kwakukulu, kumakhala bwino. Komabe, chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa zida ndi zina, kupanikizika kwenikweni sikungakhale kopanda malire. Nthawi zambiri, kuthamanga kwa mphepo kozungulira 6Kg/cm2 kuli bwino.

1. Chifukwa chiyani ma roller awiri a makina osakaniza mphira otseguka amafunika kukhala ndi liwiro linalake

Cholinga cha kupanga chiŵerengero cha liwiro la makina oyeretsera mphira otseguka ndikupititsa patsogolo kumeta ubweya wa ubweya, kupanga mikangano yamakina ndi kusweka kwa mamolekyu pazitsulo za rabara, ndikulimbikitsa kubalalitsidwa kwa wothandizira wosakaniza. Kuphatikiza apo, kuthamanga kwapang'onopang'ono kumapindulitsa pakugwira ntchito komanso kupanga chitetezo.

1. Chifukwa chiyani chosakanizira chamkati chimatulutsa chodabwitsa cha thallium

Nthawi zambiri pamakhala zifukwa zitatu zophatikizira thallium mu chosakanizira: (1) pamakhala zovuta ndi zida zokha, monga kutuluka kwa mpweya kuchokera pamwamba, (2) kusakwanira kwa mpweya, ndi (3) kugwira ntchito molakwika, monga osalabadira powonjezera zofewa, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimachititsa kuti zomatira kumamatire ku bawuti yapamwamba komanso khoma lachipinda chosakaniza. Ngati sichiyeretsedwa munthawi yake, pamapeto pake chidzakhudza.

21. N'chifukwa chiyani filimu yosakanikirana imapanga compress ndi kumwazikana

Chifukwa cha kusasamala pa kusanganikirana, nthawi zambiri amabalalitsa chifukwa cha zifukwa zosiyanasiyana, makamaka kuphatikizapo: (1) kuphwanya dosing zinayendera mwachindunji ndondomeko malamulo kapena kuwonjezera mofulumira kwambiri; (2) Kutentha m'chipinda chosakaniza kumakhala kochepa kwambiri panthawi yosakaniza; (3) Kuchulukirachulukira kwa ma fillers mu formula ndizotheka. Chifukwa cha kusakaniza kosakwanira, zinthu za rabara zinaphwanyidwa ndikubalalika. The omwazika mphira zakuthupi ayenera kuwonjezeredwa ndi kalasi yemweyo wa pulasitiki pawiri kapena mphira mayi, ndiyeno pansi mankhwala luso pambuyo wothinikizidwa ndi kutulutsidwa.

22. Chifukwa chiyani kuli kofunikira kufotokoza dongosolo la dosing

Cholinga cha ndondomeko ya dosing ndikupititsa patsogolo luso la kuphatikizika kwa mphira ndikuwonetsetsa kuti zinthu zosakanikirana za mphira zili bwino. Nthawi zambiri, dongosolo la kuwonjezera mankhwala ndi motere: (1) Kuwonjezera pulasitiki kuti mufewetse mphira, kuti zikhale zosavuta kusakaniza ndi mankhwala ophatikizira. (2) Onjezani mankhwala ang'onoang'ono monga zinc oxide, stearic acid, accelerators, anti-aging agents, etc. Izi ndi zigawo zofunika kwambiri za zomatira. Choyamba, awonjezereni kuti azitha kumwazikana mofanana mu zomatira. (3) Mpweya wakuda wakuda kapena zodzaza zina monga dongo, calcium carbonate, ndi zina zotero (4) Zofewa zamadzimadzi ndi kutupa kwa mphira zimapangitsa mpweya wakuda ndi mphira kusakaniza mosavuta. Ngati kutsatiridwa kwa dosing sikutsatiridwa (kupatula ma formula omwe ali ndi zofunikira zapadera), kukhudza kwambiri mtundu wa zinthu zosakanikirana za rabara.

23. N'chifukwa chiyani pali mitundu ingapo ya rabara yaiwisi yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito pamodzi m'njira yofanana

Ndi chitukuko cha zipangizo mu makampani mphira, zosiyanasiyana mphira kupanga zikuchulukirachulukira. Pofuna kukonza zinthu zakuthupi ndi zamakina a rabala ndi mphira wowombedwa, kukonza magwiridwe antchito a rabala, komanso kuchepetsa mtengo wazinthu za rabara, mitundu ingapo ya mphira yaiwisi imagwiritsidwa ntchito mofananamo.

24. Chifukwa chiyani zinthu za rabara zimapanga pulasitiki yapamwamba kapena yochepa

Chifukwa chachikulu cha izi ndikuti pulasitiki ya pulasitiki ya pulasitiki si yoyenera; Nthawi yosakaniza ndi yaitali kapena yochepa kwambiri; Kutentha kosakanikirana kolakwika; Ndipo guluu si bwino kusakaniza; Kuonjezera kapena kusakwanira kuwonjezera kwa plasticizers; Mpweya wakuda ukhoza kupangidwa powonjezera pang'ono kapena kugwiritsa ntchito mitundu yolakwika. Njira yabwino ndikumvetsetsa bwino pulasitiki ya pulasitiki, kulamulira nthawi yosakaniza ndi kutentha, ndikusakaniza mphira mofanana. Chosakaniza chosakaniza chiyenera kuyezedwa molondola ndikuwunika.

25. Nchifukwa chiyani zinthu zosakanikirana za rabara zimapanga mphamvu yokoka yeniyeni yomwe ndi yaikulu kwambiri kapena yaying'ono kwambiri

Zifukwa za izi ndi monga kuyeza kolakwika kwa pawiri, zosiyidwa, ndi kusagwirizana. Ngati kuchuluka kwa mpweya wakuda, zinc oxide, ndi calcium carbonate kupitilira kuchuluka kwake pomwe kuchuluka kwa mphira yaiwisi, mapulasitiki opangira mafuta, ndi zina zambiri ndizochepera zomwe zatchulidwa, padzakhala nthawi pomwe mphamvu yokoka ya zinthu za rabara imaposa ndalama zotchulidwa. M'malo mwake, zotsatira zake zimakhalanso zosiyana. Kuphatikiza apo, pakusakanikirana kwa zida za mphira, ufa wochuluka ukuwuluka kapena kumamatira ku khoma lachidebe (monga pabokosi laling'ono lamankhwala), komanso kulephera kutsanulira zonse zomwe zawonjezeredwa kungayambitsenso mphamvu yokoka ya zinthu za rabara. apamwamba kapena otsika kwambiri. Njira yowonjezera ndiyo kuyang'ana ngati pali zolakwika pakuyezera panthawi yosakaniza, kulimbikitsa ntchito, ndi kupewa kuwuluka kwa ufa ndikuonetsetsa kuti ngakhale kusakaniza kwa zinthu za rabara.

26. Nchifukwa chiyani kuuma kwa zinthu zosakanikirana za rabara kumakhala kwakukulu kwambiri kapena kutsika kwambiri

Chifukwa chachikulu cha kuuma kwapamwamba kapena kutsika kwa zinthu za mphira ndi kuyeza kolakwika kwa mankhwala ophatikizika, monga kulemera kwa vulcanizing agent, reinforging agent, ndi accelerator kukhala apamwamba kuposa mlingo wa formula, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ultra- mkulu kuuma kwa mphira vulcanized; M'malo mwake, ngati kulemera kwa mphira ndi plasticizers kuposa kuchuluka anaimbidwa mu chilinganizo, kapena kulemera kwa reinforcent agents, vulcanizing agents, ndi ma accelerators ndi zosakwana kuchuluka anaimbidwa mu chilinganizo, izo mosalephera kuchititsa otsika kuuma kwa vulcanized mphira zinthu. Njira zake zowongolera ndizofanana ndi kugonjetsa kusinthasintha kwa pulasitiki. Kuphatikiza apo, mutatha kuwonjezera sulfure, kugaya mosagwirizana kungayambitsenso kusinthasintha kwa kuuma (kumaloko kwakukulu kapena kochepa kwambiri).

27. Chifukwa chiyani zinthu za rabara zimakhala ndi poyambira pang'onopang'ono

Chifukwa chachikulu cha pang'onopang'ono vulcanization poyambira zipangizo mphira ndi chifukwa chochepa kwambiri kuchuluka kwa accelerator kuyezedwa, kapena kusiyidwa kwa nthaka okusayidi kapena stearic asidi pa kusakaniza; Kachiwiri, mtundu wolakwika wa kaboni wakuda nthawi zina ungayambitse kuchedwa kwa vulcanization ya zinthu za rabara. Njira zowongolera zikuphatikiza kulimbitsa zowunikira katatu ndikuyesa molondola zida zamankhwala.

28. Chifukwa chiyani zinthu za rabara zimatulutsa kusowa kwa sulfure

Kuperewera kwa sulfure mu zida za rabala kumayamba makamaka chifukwa chosowa kapena kusakwanira kuphatikiza kwa ma accelerator, ma vulcanizing agents, ndi zinc oxide. Komabe, kusanganikirana kosayenera ndi kuwuluka kwa ufa wambiri kungayambitsenso kusowa kwa sulfure mu zida za rabara. Njira zowonjezeretsa ndizo: kuwonjezera pa kukwaniritsa kulemera kolondola, kulimbikitsa kuwunika katatu, ndikupewa zosakaniza zomwe zikusowa kapena zosagwirizana, m'pofunikanso kulimbikitsa ntchito yosakaniza ndikuletsa ufa wambiri kuti usawuluke ndi kutaya.

29. Chifukwa chiyani zinthu zakuthupi ndi zamakina zazinthu zosakanikirana za mphira sizigwirizana

Kuyeza molakwika kwa chinthu chophatikizirako makamaka chifukwa cha kusowa kapena kusagwirizana kothandizira zolimbikitsira, ma vulcanizing agents, ndi ma accelerator, zomwe zingakhudze kwambiri mawonekedwe akuthupi ndi makina a pawiri ya mphira wovunda. Kachiwiri, ngati nthawi yosakaniza ndi yayitali kwambiri, kutsatizana kwa dosing sikumveka, ndipo kusakanikirana sikuli kofanana, kungayambitsenso kuti thupi ndi makina a mphira wovumbulutsidwa akhale osayenera. Choyamba, ziyenera kuchitidwa kuti kulimbikitsa luso laukadaulo, kugwiritsa ntchito njira zitatu zowunikira, ndikupewa kutulutsa kolakwika kapena kuphonya kwa mankhwala. Komabe, pazinthu za rabara zomwe zili ndi khalidwe loipa, kukonza kowonjezera kapena kuphatikizidwa mu zipangizo zoyenerera za rabara ndizofunikira.

30. Chifukwa chiyani zinthu za rabara zimatulutsa zotentha

Zifukwa zomwe zimawotchera zida za rabara zitha kufotokozedwa mwachidule motere: kapangidwe ka fomula kopanda nzeru, monga kugwiritsa ntchito mopitilira muyeso wa ma vulcanizing agents ndi ma accelerator; Kuchulukirachulukira kwa mphira, kusanganikirana kolakwika kwa mphira, monga kutentha kwambiri kwa makina osakaniza mphira, kuziziritsa kosakwanira mutatha kutsitsa, kuwonjezera msanga kwa sulfure kapena kubalalitsidwa kosagwirizana, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale kuchuluka kwa ma vulcanizing agents ndi ma accelerator; Kusungirako popanda kuzizira kocheperako, kugudubuzika kwambiri kapena nthawi yayitali yosungira kungayambitse kuwotcha kwa zomatira.

31. Momwe mungapewere kutentha kwa zida za mphira

Kupewa kuphika kumafunikanso kuchitapo kanthu pofuna kuthana ndi zomwe zimayambitsa kuphika.

(1) Kupewa zoyaka, monga mosamalitsa kulamulira kutentha kusanganikirana, makamaka sulfure Kuwonjezera kutentha, kuwongolera zinthu kuzirala, kuwonjezera zipangizo mu dongosolo la specifications ndondomeko, ndi kulimbikitsa kasamalidwe mphira zinthu.

(2) Sinthani kachitidwe ka vulcanization mu chilinganizo ndikuwonjezera ma anti coking agents oyenera.

32. Chifukwa chiyani muwonjezere 1-1.5% stearic acid kapena mafuta mukamagwira ntchito ndi zida za mphira zomwe zimayaka kwambiri

Kwa zida za mphira zokhala ndi digiri yoyaka pang'ono, chiphaso chowonda (wodzigudubuza phula 1-1.5mm, wodzigudubuza kutentha pansipa 45℃) Nthawi 4-6 pamphero yotseguka, ikani paki kwa maola 24, ndikusakaniza muzinthu zabwino zogwiritsira ntchito. Mlingo uyenera kuyendetsedwa pansi pa 20%. Komabe, pazida za mphira zotentha kwambiri, pali zomangira zochulukirapo muzinthu za rabala. Kuonjezera 1-1.5% stearic acid kungayambitse mphira kutupa ndikufulumizitsa kuwonongeka kwa mawonekedwe olumikizirana. Ngakhale mutalandira chithandizo, chiwerengero cha mphira wamtunduwu womwe umawonjezeredwa kuzinthu zabwino za mphira sayenera kupitirira 10%, ndithudi, pazinthu zina zowotcha kwambiri za mphira, kuwonjezera pa kuwonjezera stearic acid, 2-3% zofewa zamafuta ziyenera kuwonjezeredwa moyenera. chithandizo mu kutupa. Pambuyo pa chithandizo, amatha kuchepetsedwa kuti agwiritsidwe ntchito. Ponena za zinthu za mphira zowotcha kwambiri, sizingasinthidwe mwachindunji ndipo zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zopangira mphira wopangidwanso.

33. Chifukwa chiyani zida za mphira ziyenera kusungidwa pazitsulo zachitsulo

Pulasitiki ndi mphira wosakanizidwa ndi wofewa kwambiri. Ngati atayikidwa pansi mwachisawawa, zinyalala zonga mchenga, miyala, nthaka, ndi tchipisi tamatabwa zimatha kumamatira ku mphira, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kuzizindikira. Kuwasakaniza kukhoza kuchepetsa kwambiri khalidwe la mankhwala, makamaka kwa zinthu zoonda, zomwe zimapha. Ngati zinyalala zachitsulo zitasakanizidwa, zitha kuyambitsa ngozi za zida zamakina. Choncho zomatirazo ziyenera kusungidwa pa mbale zachitsulo zopangidwa mwapadera ndikusungidwa m’malo osankhidwa.

34. Chifukwa chiyani pulasitiki ya mphira wosakanikirana nthawi zina imasiyana kwambiri

Pali zinthu zambiri zomwe zimakhudza kusintha kwa pulasitiki kwa mphira wosakanikirana, makamaka kuphatikizapo: (1) sampuli zosagwirizana za mphira wapulasitiki; (2) Kuponderezedwa kosayenera kwa pulasitiki pawiri pa kusakaniza; (3) Kuchuluka kwa zofewa ndizolakwika; (4) Muyeso waukulu kuthetsa mavuto pamwamba ndi mosamalitsa kutsatira ndondomeko ndondomeko ndi kulabadira zidziwitso luso za zopangira kusintha, makamaka kusintha kwa mphira yaiwisi ndi mpweya wakuda.

35. Chifukwa chiyani kusakaniza kocheperako kuli kofunikira pambuyo poti mphira wosakanikirana watulutsidwa kuchokera ku chosakaniza chamkati

Kutentha kwa zinthu za rabara zomwe zatulutsidwa kuchokera ku chosakanizira chamkati nthawi zambiri kumakhala pamwamba pa 125℃, pamene kutentha kwa kuwonjezera sulfure kuyenera kukhala pansi pa 100℃. Kuti muchepetse kutentha kwa mphira mwachangu, ndikofunikira kuthira zinthu za mphira mobwerezabwereza ndikuwonjezera sulfure ndi accelerator.

36. Ndi nkhani ziti zomwe ziyenera kuzindikirika pakukonza kugwiritsa ntchito zomatira za sulfure zosasungunuka

Sulfure yosasungunuka ndi yosakhazikika ndipo imatha kusinthidwa kukhala sulfure wamba. Kutembenuka kumakhala pang'onopang'ono kutentha kwa chipinda, koma kumathamanga ndi kutentha kwakukulu. Ikafika pamwamba pa 110℃, imatha kusinthidwa kukhala sulfure wamba mkati mwa mphindi 10-20. Choncho, sulfure iyi iyenera kusungidwa pa kutentha kotsika kwambiri. Pakukonza zopangira, chisamaliro chiyenera kutengedwa kuti kutentha kukhale kocheperako (pansi pa 100).℃) kuti asanduke sulfure wamba. Sulfure yosasungunuka, chifukwa cha kusasungunuka kwake mu rabala, nthawi zambiri imakhala yovuta kufalitsa mofanana, ndipo iyeneranso kupatsidwa chidwi chokwanira pakuchitapo kanthu. Insoluble sulfure amangogwiritsidwa ntchito m'malo mwa sulfure wamba wosungunuka, popanda kusintha vulcanization ndondomeko ndi katundu wa mphira vulcanized. Choncho, ngati kutentha kuli kwakukulu kwambiri panthawi ya ndondomekoyi, kapena ngati kusungidwa kwa nthawi yaitali pa kutentha kwakukulu, ndiye kuti kugwiritsa ntchito kuli kopanda tanthauzo.

37. Chifukwa chiyani sodium oleate yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito mu chipangizo chozizirira filimu iyenera kufalitsidwa

Sodium oleate yodzipatula yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito mu thanki yamadzi ozizira ya chipangizo chozizirira filimu, chifukwa chogwira ntchito mosalekeza, filimuyo yomwe imachokera papiritsi imasungabe kutentha mu sodium oleate, zomwe zingapangitse kutentha kwake kukwera mofulumira ndikulephera kukwaniritsa. cholinga choziziritsa filimuyo. Pofuna kuchepetsa kutentha kwake, m'pofunika kuchita kuzirala kwa cyclic, motere momwe kuzirala ndi kudzipatula kwa chipangizo choziziritsira filimu kungathe kuchitidwa bwino.

38. Chifukwa chiyani makina odzigudubuza ali abwino kuposa chodzigudubuza chamagetsi cha zipangizo zoziziritsira mafilimu

Chipangizo chozizira cha filimu poyamba chinayesedwa ndi chowotcha chamagetsi chamagetsi, chomwe chinali ndi dongosolo lovuta komanso kukonza zovuta. Zida za mphira pamphepete mwazitsulo zinali zosavuta kuphulika koyambirira, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zosatetezeka. Pambuyo pake, zodzigudubuza zamakina zidagwiritsidwa ntchito pokonza ndi kukonza mosavuta, kuwonetsetsa kuti zinthu zili bwino komanso kupanga bwino.